Exposure to lipopolysaccharide and calcium silicate-based materials affects the behavior of dental pulp cells.

This study assessed the cell viability, cytokine production, and mineralization potential of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and application of calcium silicate-based materials (CSBM). Characterization of the CSBM was performed by infrared spectroscopy (n = 3). Extracts of Bio-C Repair, Biodentine, Cimmo HD, and MTA Repair HP were prepared and diluted (1:1, 1:4, and 1:16). Culture of hDPCs was established and treated or not with 1 µg/mL of LPS from Escherichia coli for 7 days. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability at 24, 48, and 72 h (n = 6). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assayed on day 7 (n = 4). Il-10 and TNF-α were quantified by ELISA at 24 h (n = 6). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Cell viability of LPS-activated hPDCs was higher than untreated control in 48 and 72 h (p < 0.05). Differences between non-treated and LPS-activated hPDCs were observed for Biodentine and Cimmo HP (p < 0.05). The CSBM influenced the cell viability (p < 0.05). ALP activity was higher in LPS-activated hDPCs (p < 0.05). No changes in the concentration of TNF-α were observed between groups (p > 0.05). The CSBM increased the Il-10 production (p < 0.05). LPS-activated hDPCs presented increased cell viability and ALP activity. The CSBM showed mild toxicity and was able to enhance the cell viability and mineralization potential of untreated and LPS-activated hDPCs. The CSBM also induced anti-inflammatory mechanisms without compromising pro-inflammatory ones.

Exposure to lipopolysaccharide and calcium silicate-based materials affects the behavior of dental pulp cells

Abstract This study assessed the cell viability, cytokine production, and mineralization potential of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and application of calcium silicate-based materials (CSBM). Characterization of the CSBM was performed by infrared spectroscopy (n = 3). Extracts of Bio-C Repair, Biodentine, Cimmo HD, and MTA Repair HP were prepared and diluted (1:1, 1:4, and 1:16). Culture of hDPCs was established and treated or not with 1 µg/mL of LPS from Escherichia coli for 7 days. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability at 24, 48, and 72 h (n = 6). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assayed on day 7 (n = 4). Il-10 and TNF-α were quantified by ELISA at 24 h (n = 6). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Cell viability of LPS-activated hPDCs was higher than untreated control in 48 and 72 h (p < 0.05). Differences between non-treated and LPS-activated hPDCs were observed for Biodentine and Cimmo HP (p < 0.05). The CSBM influenced the cell viability (p < 0.05). ALP activity was higher in LPS-activated hDPCs (p < 0.05). No changes in the concentration of TNF-α were observed between groups (p > 0.05). The CSBM increased the Il-10 production (p < 0.05). LPS-activated hDPCs presented increased cell viability and ALP activity. The CSBM showed mild toxicity and was able to enhance the cell viability and mineralization potential of untreated and LPS-activated hDPCs. The CSBM also induced anti-inflammatory mechanisms without compromising pro-inflammatory ones.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a viabilidade celular, produção de citocinas e potencial de mineralização de células da polpa dentária humana (hDPCs) após exposição a lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) e aplicação de materiais à base de silicato de cálcio (CSBM). A caracterização do CSBM foi realizada por espectroscopia (n = 3). Extratos de Bio-C Repair, Biodentine, Cimmo HD e MTA Repair HP foram preparados e diluídos (1: 1, 1: 4 e 1:16). A cultura de hDPCs foi estabelecida e tratada ou não com 1 µg / mL de LPS de Escherichia coli por 7 dias. O ensaio de MTT foi usado para avaliar a viabilidade celular em 24, 48 e 72 h (n = 6). A atividade da fosfatase alcalina (ALP) foi avaliada no dia 7 (n = 4). Il-10 e TNF-α foram quantificados por ELISA em 24 h (n = 6). Os dados foram analisados ​​por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). A viabilidade celular das hPDCs ativados por LPS foi maior do que o controle não tratado em 48 e 72 h (p <0,05). Diferenças entre hPDCs não tratados e ativados por LPS foram observados para Biodentine e Cimmo HP (p < 0,05). Os CSBM influenciaram na viabilidade celular (p <0,05). A atividade de ALP foi maior em hDPCs ativadas por LPS (p <0,05). Não foram observadas alterações na concentração de TNF-α entre os grupos (p> 0,05). Os CSBM aumentaram a produção de Il-10 (p < 0,05). Os hDPCs ativados por LPS apresentaram um aumento na viabilidade celular e atividade ALP. Os CSBM apresentaram toxicidade moderada e foram capazes de aumentar a viabilidade celular e o potencial de mineralização de hDPCs não tratados e ativados por LPS. Os CSBM também induziram mecanismos anti-inflamatórios sem comprometer os pró-inflamatórios.

Response of periodontal ligament stem cells to lipopolysaccharide and calcium silicate-based materials.

This study was conducted to assess the in vitro response of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation and application of three calcium silicate-based materials (CSBM): Bio-C Sealer, MTA Fillapex and Cimmo HP. Characterization of the CSBM was performed by FTIR (n = 3). Extracts of Bio-C Sealer, MTA Fillapex and Cimmo HP were prepared and diluted (1:1, 1:4 and 1:16). Culture of hPDLSCs was established and treated or not with LPS from Escherichia coli (1 µg/mL) for 7 days. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability at 24, 48 and 72 h (n = 9). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was indirectly assayed at day 7 (n = 5). TNF-α and Il -1 0 cytokines were quantified by ELISA at 24h-cell supernatants (n = 6). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The cell viability of the LPS-activated hPDLSCs were higher than untreated control (p < 0.05). The application of CSBM affected the cell viability of untreated and LPS-activated cells (p < 0.05). ALP activity was higher for Bio-C Sealer and Cimmo HP in untreated and LPS-activated cells, respectively (p < 0.05). Application of CSBM normalized the TNF-α secretion in the LPS-activated cells (p < 0.05). Only MTA Fillapex in untreated hPDLSCs presented higher values of Il -1 0 (p < 0.05). Taken collectively, the results suggests that the simulation of the inflammatory process by LPS affect the in vitro response the hPDLSCs to the application of the CSBM.

Response of periodontal ligament stem cells to lipopolysaccharide and calcium silicate-based materials

Abstract This study was conducted to assess the in vitro response of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation and application of three calcium silicate-based materials (CSBM): Bio-C Sealer, MTA Fillapex and Cimmo HP. Characterization of the CSBM was performed by FTIR (n = 3). Extracts of Bio-C Sealer, MTA Fillapex and Cimmo HP were prepared and diluted (1:1, 1:4 and 1:16). Culture of hPDLSCs was established and treated or not with LPS from Escherichia coli (1 µg/mL) for 7 days. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability at 24, 48 and 72 h (n = 9). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was indirectly assayed at day 7 (n = 5). TNF-α and Il -1 0 cytokines were quantified by ELISA at 24h-cell supernatants (n = 6). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The cell viability of the LPS-activated hPDLSCs were higher than untreated control (p < 0.05). The application of CSBM affected the cell viability of untreated and LPS-activated cells (p < 0.05). ALP activity was higher for Bio-C Sealer and Cimmo HP in untreated and LPS-activated cells, respectively (p < 0.05). Application of CSBM normalized the TNF-α secretion in the LPS-activated cells (p < 0.05). Only MTA Fillapex in untreated hPDLSCs presented higher values of Il -1 0 (p < 0.05). Taken collectively, the results suggests that the simulation of the inflammatory process by LPS affect the in vitro response the hPDLSCs to the application of the CSBM.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar a resposta in vitro de células-tronco do ligamento periodontal humano (hPDLSCs) à ativação por lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano (LPS) e aplicação de três materiais à base de silicato de cálcio (CSBM): Bio-C Sealer, MTA Fillapex e Cimmo HP. A caracterização dos CSBM foi realizada por FTIR (n = 3). Extratos de Bio-C Sealer, MTA Fillapex e Cimmo HP foram preparados e diluídos (1:1, 1: 4 e 1:16). A cultura de hPDLSCs foi estabelecida e tratada ou não com 1 µg / mL de LPS de Escherichia coli por 7 dias. O ensaio de MTT foi usado para avaliar a viabilidade celular em 24, 48 e 72 h (n = 9). A atividade de ALP foi avaliada indiretamente no dia 7 (n = 5). As citocinas TNF-α e Il-10 foram quantificadas por ELISA em sobrenadantes de células em 24h (n = 6). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). A viabilidade celular das hPDLSCs ativados por LPS foi maior do que o controle (p <0,05). A aplicação dos CSBM afetou a viabilidade celular de células ativadas ou não por LPS (p <0,05). A atividade de ALP foi maior para Bio-C Sealer e Cimmo HP em células não ativadas e ativadas por LPS, respectivamente (p <0,05). A aplicação dos CSBM normalizou a secreção de TNF-α nas células ativadas por LPS (p <0,05). Apenas o MTA Fillapex em hPDLSCs não ativadas apresentou valores mais elevados de Il-10 (p <0,05). Em conclusão, os resultados sugerem que a simulação do processo inflamatório por LPS afetou a resposta in vitro de células-tronco do ligamento periodontal e de materiais à base de silicato de cálcio.

Antioxidant effect of chamomile tea on the salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

This study aimed to analyze oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the salivary glands of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with ad libitum consumption of chamomile tea in substitution of water for 21 days. Rats were divided in two control groups (untreated control and treated control) and two diabetic groups (untreated diabetic and treated diabetic). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) activities, total antioxidant status (TAS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were determined. The chemical composition of the chamomile essential oil revealed 39 compounds, accounting for 93.5% of the total oils. The polyphenolic profile of the tea showed the presence of apigenin, luteolin, umbelliferone, and esculetin. SOD, GPx, CAT, and TAS levels were lower in the parotid (PA) diabetic glands, but treatment increased their concentration in both the submandibular (SM) and PA diabetic salivary glands. Increased MDA levels were observed in the PA diabetic glands, which were decreased by the consumption of chamomile tea with a reduction in hyperglycemia compared to that in untreated diabetic rats. However, the SM diabetic glands showed no difference in the MDA content. The consumption of chamomile tea prevented oxidative stress in the PA glands of diabetic rats, exhibiting hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects. Thus, chamomile tea could be a potential candidate for preventing oral complications in diabetes mellitus.

INitial Steps of Insulin Action in Parotid Glands of Male Wistar Rats.

The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland. It produces watery saliva, rich in proteins (amylase, lysozymes, and antibodies). Due to the gland's morphological cytoarchitecture composed of only serous acini, it contributes almost 50% of total salivary volume upon stimulation. It has been reported that the prevalence of saliva secretion impairments, periodontitis, delayed wound healing, and xerostomia increase in diabetic patients. Herein we evaluated the acute effects of insulin on insulin receptor phosphorylation status and its substrates IRS-1 and IRS-2 in the parotid glands of adult male Wistar rats, using Western blot analyses. We confirmed an acute effect of insulin on IR/IRS/PI3K/Akt and MAPK intracellular pathway activation in the parotid glands of male Wistar rats similar to the classical metabolic targets of the hormone, like the liver.

Antioxidant effect of chamomile tea on the salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the salivary glands of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with ad libitum consumption of chamomile tea in substitution of water for 21 days. Rats were divided in two control groups (untreated control and treated control) and two diabetic groups (untreated diabetic and treated diabetic). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) activities, total antioxidant status (TAS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were determined. The chemical composition of the chamomile essential oil revealed 39 compounds, accounting for 93.5% of the total oils. The polyphenolic profile of the tea showed the presence of apigenin, luteolin, umbelliferone, and esculetin. SOD, GPx, CAT, and TAS levels were lower in the parotid (PA) diabetic glands, but treatment increased their concentration in both the submandibular (SM) and PA diabetic salivary glands. Increased MDA levels were observed in the PA diabetic glands, which were decreased by the consumption of chamomile tea with a reduction in hyperglycemia compared to that in untreated diabetic rats. However, the SM diabetic glands showed no difference in the MDA content. The consumption of chamomile tea prevented oxidative stress in the PA glands of diabetic rats, exhibiting hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects. Thus, chamomile tea could be a potential candidate for preventing oral complications in diabetes mellitus.

Cytotoxicity of Reparative Endodontic Cements on Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the cytotoxicity of commercial reparative endodontic cements on human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Material and Methods The culture of hPDLSCs was established. Cell density was set at 2 × 104 cells/well in 96-well plates. Extracts of Biodentine, Bio-C Repair, Cimmo HD, MTA Repair HP and White MTA were prepared. Then, the extracts were diluted (pure, 1:4 and 1:16) and inserted into cell-seeded wells for 24, 48, and 72 h to assess cell viability through MTT assay. hPDLSCs incubated with culture medium alone served as a negative control group. Data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Results At 24 h, pure extract of MTA Repair HP and Biodentine 1:16 presented higher cell viability compared to control. Lower cell viability was found for pure extract of Cimmo HD, MTA Repair HP 1:4 and 1:16, and White MTA 1:16. At 48 h, pure extract of Bio-C Repair and MTA Repair HP presented higher cell viability compared to control. At 72 h, only the pure extract of MTA Repair HP led to higher cell proliferation compared to control. Conclusion Biodentine, Bio-C Repair and MTA Repair HP were able to induce hPDLSCs proliferation. Cimmo HD and White MTA were found to be mostly cytotoxic in hPDLSCs.

Changes in color and contrast ratio of resin composites after curing and storage in water.

PURPOSE: To verify the color change and contrast ratio of resin composites after curing and after 30 days of storage in water. METHODS: Dentin A2 shades of different light-cured dental resin composites (Vittra APS, FGM, Brazil; Z350 XT, 3M ESPE, EUA; Tetric N-Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein, and Charisma Diamond, Heraeus Kulzer, Germany) were tested. Ten rounded specimens (8 mm × 2 mm) were prepared for each material. Reflectance for all samples was obtained using a spectrophotometer (Minolta CM 3700d, Konica Minolta, Japan) before curing, immediately after curing, and after 30 days of storage in water. The color change (ΔE*lab) and contrast ratio (CR) data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's and paired t-tests (α = 1%). RESULTS: For all materials tested, significant color changes were noticeable after curing and after 30 days in water (p < 0.01). Significant changes in the CR values before curing, after curing, and 30 days of storage in water were observed in the resin composites investigated (p < 0.01) except for Z350 (p > 0.01). CONCLUSION: The CR values and color changes after curing and 30 days of storage in water varied depending on the material tested. This study corroborates the clinical practice of curing a small amount of unpolymerized resin composite on the tooth surface to select the desired shade before undertaking esthetic restorative procedures.

Cytotoxicity and cytokine production by calcium silicate-based materials on periodontal ligament stem cells.

This study investigated the effect of three commercial calcium silicate-based materials (CSBM) on cytotoxicity and pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines production in cultured human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Culture of hPDLSCs was established and characterized. Extracts of Bio-C Sealer (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) and PBS Cimmo HP (Cimmo Soluções em Saúde, Pouso Alegre, MG, Brazil) were prepared by placing cement specimens (5 x 3 mm) in culture medium. Then, the extracts were serially two-fold diluted (1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16) and inserted into the cell-seeded wells for 24, 48 and 72 h for MTT assays. TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines were quantified by ELISA at 24h-cell supernatants. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). All CSBM exhibited some cytotoxicity that varied according to extract concentration and time of evaluation. MTA Fillapex presented the highest cytotoxic effects with significant reduction of metabolic activity/cell viability when compared to Bio-C Sealer and Cimmo HP®. TNF-α was significantly upregulated by the three tested cements (p < 0.05) while only MTA Fillapex significantly upregulated IL-10 in comparison to control. Taken collectively, the results showed that PBS Cimmo HP®, Bio-C Sealer and MTA Fillapex present mild and transient cytotoxicity and slightly induced TNF-α production. MTA Fillapex upregulated IL-10 release by hPDLSCs.

Calcium silicate-based cements affect the cell viability and the release of TGF-β1 from apical papilla cells

Abstract This study investigated the cytotoxicity and release of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-β1) from cultured human apical papilla cells (APCs) after application of four bioactive materials. Culture of APCs was established and used for cytotoxic and quantitative assays. Extracts of Biodentine, Bio-C Repair, MTA Repair and White MTA were prepared and diluted (1, 1:4 and 1:16) and used for MTT assays up to 72 h. Total TGF-β1 was quantified by ELISA. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). For Biodentine, at 24 h and 48 h, cell viability was lower than control (p < 0.05). At 72 h, only undiluted extract of Biodentine were cytotoxic (p < 0.05). At 24 h, a cytotoxic effect was found for undiluted and 1:4 dilution of Bio-C Repair (p < 0.05). At 48 h, however, Bio-C Repair at 1:4 and 1:8 dilution showed higher cell viability (p < 0.05). At 24 and 48 h, the cell viability for undiluted MTA Repair were higher than control (p < 0.05). For White MTA, at 24 and 48 h, all dilutions were cytotoxic (p < 0.05). All cements led to reduced release of total TGF-β1 from the APCs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cell viability varied depending on the material and dilution. Only Bio-C repair and MTA repair led to higher cell viability of APCs. All materials induced a decrease in the release of total TGF-β1 from the APCs.

Resumo Este estudo investigou a citotoxicidade e liberação do Fator de Crescimento Transformador Beta 1 (TGF-β1) em células da papila apical humana (APCs) cultivadas após a aplicação de quatro materiais bioativos. A cultura de APCs foi estabelecida e usada para ensaios citotóxicos e quantitativos. Extratos de Biodentine, Bio-C Repair, MTA Repair e White MTA foram preparados e diluídos (1, 1: 4 e 1:16) e usados para ensaios de MTT por até 72 h. O TGF-β1 total foi quantificado por ELISA. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Para o Biodentine, em 24 h e 48 h, efeito citotóxico foi observado (p <0,05). Em 72 h, apenas o extrato não diluído de Biodentine teve efeito citotóxico (p <0,05). Em 24 h, valores mais baixos de viabilidade celular foram encontrados para o extrato não diluído e diluidi 1:4 de Bio-C Repair (p <0,05). Em 48 h, no entanto, Bio-C Repair na diluição 1:4 e 1:8 mostrou maior viabilidade celular (p <0,05). A viabilidade celular para MTA Repair não diluído em 24 e 48 h foi maior que o controle (p <0,05). Para White MTA, às 24 e 48 h, a viabilidade celular em todas as diluições foram citotóxicas (p <0,05). Todos os cimentos levaram à redução da liberação de TGF-β1 total das APCs (p <0,05). Em conclusão, a viabilidade celular variou dependendo do material e da diluição. Biodentine, Bio-C Repair e MTA Repair levaram a uma maior viabilidade celular de APCs. Todos os materiais induziram uma diminuição na liberação de TGF-β1 total das APCs.

Cytotoxicity and cytokine production by calcium silicate-based materials on periodontal ligament stem cells

Abstract This study investigated the effect of three commercial calcium silicate-based materials (CSBM) on cytotoxicity and pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines production in cultured human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Culture of hPDLSCs was established and characterized. Extracts of Bio-C Sealer (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) and PBS Cimmo HP (Cimmo Soluções em Saúde, Pouso Alegre, MG, Brazil) were prepared by placing cement specimens (5 x 3 mm) in culture medium. Then, the extracts were serially two-fold diluted (1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16) and inserted into the cell-seeded wells for 24, 48 and 72 h for MTT assays. TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines were quantified by ELISA at 24h-cell supernatants. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). All CSBM exhibited some cytotoxicity that varied according to extract concentration and time of evaluation. MTA Fillapex presented the highest cytotoxic effects with significant reduction of metabolic activity/cell viability when compared to Bio-C Sealer and Cimmo HP®. TNF-α was significantly upregulated by the three tested cements (p < 0.05) while only MTA Fillapex significantly upregulated IL-10 in comparison to control. Taken collectively, the results showed that PBS Cimmo HP®, Bio-C Sealer and MTA Fillapex present mild and transient cytotoxicity and slightly induced TNF-α production. MTA Fillapex upregulated IL-10 release by hPDLSCs.

Resumo Este estudo investigou o efeito de três materiais comerciais à base de silicato de cálcio (CSBM) na citotoxicidade e na produção de citocinas pró e antiinflamatórias em células-tronco do ligamento periodontal humano (hPDLSCs). Cultura de hPDLSCs foi estabelecida e caracterizada. Extratos de Bio-C Sealer (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brasil), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brasil) e PBS Cimmo HP® (Cimmo Soluções em Saúde, Pouso Alegre, MG, Brasil) foram preparados com a colocação de espécimes dos cimentos (5 x 3 mm) em meio de cultura. Em seguida, os extratos foram diluídos (1, 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 8, 1:16) e inseridos nos poços semeados de células para ensaio de citotoxicidade por meio de MTT por 24, 48 e 72 h. As citocinas TNF-α e IL-10 foram quantificadas por ELISA em sobrenadantes de células de 24 h. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Todos os CSBM exibiram alguma citotoxicidade que variou de acordo com a concentração do extrato e o tempo de avaliação. O MTA Fillapex apresentou os maiores efeitos citotóxicos com redução significativa da atividade metabólica / viabilidade celular quando comparado ao Bio-C Sealer e Cimmo HP®. O TNF-α foi regulado positivamente pelos três cimentos testados (p <0,05), enquanto apenas o MTA Fillapex regulou positivamente a liberação de IL-10 em comparação com o controle. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados mostraram que PBS Cimmo HP®, Bio-C Sealer e MTA Fillapex apresentam citotoxicidade leve e transitória e induziram a produção de TNF-α. O MTA Fillapex regulou positivamente a liberação de IL-10 por hPDLSCs.

Calcium silicate-based cements affect the cell viability and the release of TGF-ß1 from apical papilla cells.

This study investigated the cytotoxicity and release of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-ß1) from cultured human apical papilla cells (APCs) after application of four bioactive materials. Culture of APCs was established and used for cytotoxic and quantitative assays. Extracts of Biodentine, Bio-C Repair, MTA Repair and White MTA were prepared and diluted (1, 1:4 and 1:16) and used for MTT assays up to 72 h. Total TGF-ß1 was quantified by ELISA. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). For Biodentine, at 24 h and 48 h, cell viability was lower than control (p < 0.05). At 72 h, only undiluted extract of Biodentine were cytotoxic (p < 0.05). At 24 h, a cytotoxic effect was found for undiluted and 1:4 dilution of Bio-C Repair (p < 0.05). At 48 h, however, Bio-C Repair at 1:4 and 1:8 dilution showed higher cell viability (p < 0.05). At 24 and 48 h, the cell viability for undiluted MTA Repair were higher than control (p < 0.05). For White MTA, at 24 and 48 h, all dilutions were cytotoxic (p < 0.05). All cements led to reduced release of total TGF-ß1 from the APCs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cell viability varied depending on the material and dilution. Only Bio-C repair and MTA repair led to higher cell viability of APCs. All materials induced a decrease in the release of total TGF-ß1 from the APCs.

Effect of Tungstate Administration on the Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Parameters in Salivary Glands of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Sodium tungstate is an alternative to reduce hyperglycemia for the treatment of diabetes. In previous work, we showed that the administration of sodium tungstate increased the specific activity of salivary amylase in the parotid gland. Here, we investigated the effect of the administration of sodium tungstate on the lipid peroxidation and some antioxidant parameters in the submandibular (SM) and parotid (PA) salivary glands of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8, each): control (C), control treated with sodium tungstate (CT), diabetic (D), and diabetic treated with sodium tungstate (CT). Sodium tungstate (2 mg/ml) was administered to the STZ-induced diabetic rats for 15 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and blood glucose concentrations were quantified. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were assessed. Results revealed that diabetes caused an increase in MDA concentration in both glands, a reduction in the SOD activity in SM, and an increase in catalase activity in PA glands. Administration of sodium tungstate reduced the blood glucose levels and normalized the SOD activity in the SM and MDA levels in both glands of the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Catalase activity was increased in PA glands of diabetic and tungstate-treated animals (p < 0.05). The GSH/GSSG ratio was increased in SM glands of tungstate-treated animals (p < 0.05). Overall, the reduction of hyperglycemia by sodium tungstate reduced lipid peroxidation and caused alterations in the antioxidant system in the salivary glands of STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Effect of vitamin C and E on oxidative stress and antioxidant system in the salivary glands of STZ-induced diabetic rats.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation in the prevention of oxidative stress in the salivary glands of STZ-induced diabetic rats. DESIGN: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 8 in each): control (C), control supplemented with vitamin C (Cvc) and E (Cve), diabetic (D), and diabetic supplemented with vitamin C (Dvc) and E (Dve). Vitamin C (150 mg/kg) and E (300 mg/kg) were daily administered for 21 days. Serum ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol levels were quantified. Glandular levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2-), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total antioxidant status (TAS) were estimated. RESULTS: Vitamin C and E levels were reduced in D group. Vitamin C decreased the levels of O2- in the salivary gland of diabetic rats. Vitamin E increased the concentration of O2- in PA gland of diabetic animals. In the SM gland of the diabetic group, MDA, SOD, GPx and TAS increased. Dve presented reduced SOD activity and increased GR, GPx, and MDA. Dve increased GPx, Gr and TAS levels. In the PA gland, MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and TAS were similar in C and D. TAS, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR increased in Dvc. Vitamin E supplementation resulted in increased MDA and CAT levels and reduced SOD activity. CONCLUSION: In the SM glands of the diabetic rats, vitamin C supplementation improved the antioxidant system, while vitamin E acted as pro-oxidant.

Salivary Glands, Saliva and Oral Presentations in COVID-19 infection

Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, several published reports in the scientific literature called attention to the oral cavity as the potential route of infection, the implications for dental practice and the use of saliva in the diagnose of the COVID-19. Here, we would like to review the available literature on the salivary glands and saliva in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A brief discussion of the oral manifestations is also presented.

Oxidative stress and the antioxidant system in salivary glands of rats with experimental chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the presence of oxidative stress and activity of the antioxidant system in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands of rats with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). DESIGN: Sixteen male wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 8, each): control rats and rats with CKD. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine clearance were quantified. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, total antioxidant status, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations were assessed. RESULTS: In CKD rats, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and proteinuria concentrations were increased, while creatinine clearance was reduced. In the submandibular gland, superoxide anion concentration was increased significantly (p < 0.05). Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion concentrations were reduced in the parotid gland. CKD rats presented increased malondialdehyde concentration, total antioxidant status, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities only in the parotid gland (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Oxidative stress and changes in the antioxidant system were found in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands in an experimental model of CKD induced by 5/6 nephrectomy.

Salivary Glands, Saliva and Oral Findings in COVID-19 Infection

Abstract The world is under the threat of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite several efforts to contain the disease spread, it still constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Several published reports in the scientific literature called attention of the oral cavity as the potential route of infection, the implications for dental practice and the use of saliva in the diagnose of the COVID-19. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the literature on the salivary glands and saliva in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A brief discussion of taste disturbances and oral findings in COVID-19 patients is also presented. The literature shows that SARS-CoV-2 could infect the salivary glands. It is not possible, however, to make speculations regarding them as reservoirs for the SARS-CoV-2. In addition, patients with COVID-19 presented several oral repercussions, including hyposalivation and taste disturbances. A few reports showed oral ulcers and blisters associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it remains not fully understood and might lead to erroneous assumptions. Overall, further studies are necessary to understand the real role of salivary glands and saliva in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.